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NSTP STUDY DESK / 15-MINUTE REVIEWER

NSTP Midterm Quick Reviewer

DRRM · Environmental Protection · National Security · Peace Education. Expanded, organized high-yield review for identification, comparisons and situational questions. Key distinctions are highlighted for efficient review.

5 min · Core concepts4 min · Critical facts3 min · Exam traps2 min · Applications1 min · Recall map

01 / Core ideas and definitions

Core definitions and the distinctions that matter most.

5 minutes

CH 4 Disaster risk reduction

  • DRRM shifts from reactive rescue after disaster to proactive prevention: anticipate → assess → mitigate → prepare → respond/recover.
  • Prospective DRM prevents new risk;
  • Corrective DRM reduces existing risk;
  • Compensatory DRM manages residual risk.
  • CBDRRM adds local participation, empowerment, knowledge, and shared decisions.
  • Hazard is potential harm;
  • disaster is serious disruption when hazard interacts with exposure and vulnerability.
  • Resilience means resist, absorb, adapt, recover.

CH 5 §1–3 Environmental foundations

  • Protection prevents damage;
  • management plans resource use for ecological balance;
  • sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations.
  • Regulatory management follows government rules;
  • ecosystem-based restores habitats;
  • risk-based identifies dangers;
  • corporate reduces business impact.
  • Environmental justice means equal protection from hazards;
  • stewardship means responsible care.
  • Writ of Kalikasan is a legal environmental remedy.
  • Community action plans specify goal, time, funding, resources, people, methods.

CH 5 §4–7 Climate, waste, air, water

  • Climate change is long-term shifts in climate patterns;
  • global warming specifically means rising average temperature.
  • Burning fossil fuels and deforestation increase heat-trapping gases including CO₂ and CH₄.
  • Mitigation reduces climate causes;
  • adaptation adjusts to impacts.
  • Reduce avoids waste;
  • reuse uses an item again;
  • recycle processes materials anew.
  • A barangay MRF receives and sorts recoverable waste.
  • Air pollution contaminates indoor/outdoor air;
  • water pollution threatens sanitation, health, and aquatic ecosystems.

CH 6 §1–4 National and human security

  • National security safeguards sovereignty, institutions, and national interests;
  • its three pillars are national unity, the state, the people.
  • Human security centers on dignity and well-being: freedom from fear and freedom from want.
  • Internal threats include insurgency, organized crime, corruption, poverty;
  • external threats include territorial pressure, regional instability, and transnational crime.
  • Cyberattacks and climate risks may cross both categories.
  • Threat multipliers worsen existing instability.
  • Ecological integrity is an ecosystem's health and recovery;
  • ecological sustainability is its long-term functioning.

CH 6 §5–7 Peace education and conflict resolution

  • Negative peace is absence of direct warfare/hostilities;
  • positive peace adds justice and constructive relations.
  • Direct violence causes immediate harm;
  • structural violence results from unequal institutions;
  • cultural violence legitimizes harm.
  • Peacekeeping maintains immediate stability;
  • peacebuilding addresses root causes.
  • Restorative justice repairs harm, relationships, and accountability.
  • Circle Process: talking piece and equal turns.
  • Narrative mediation: reshape conflict stories.
  • Need-based reframing: uncover needs behind blame.
  • Joint problem-solving: cooperate on shared solutions.
  • Victim-Offender Dialogue: address harm and responsibility.
  • Knowledge-Based System (KBS): decisions grounded in documented evidence and institutional expertise, not intuition alone.

EXAM FOCUS · Risk and disaster as separate ideas

  • Hazard: potentially damaging event or condition, not necessarily an actual disaster.
  • Exposure: people, assets, or systems situated in harm’s way; vulnerability: factors increasing susceptibility.
  • Capacity/resilience: resources and ability to prepare, respond, adapt, and recover; they influence consequences.
  • Prospective risk management: prevent NEW risk; corrective: reduce EXISTING risk; compensatory: deal with RESIDUAL risk.
  • Community-based DRRM: community members participate in assessment, decisions, preparation, and resilience-building.

EXAM FOCUS · Security and peace education

  • National security: protection of sovereignty, territorial integrity, citizens, and key interests.
  • Human security: security of people’s daily lives and dignity across economic, food, health, personal and other dimensions.
  • Negative peace: absence of immediate overt/direct violence; positive peace: just relationships and institutions that address underlying structural harm.
  • Conflict resolution: identifies needs/interests, supports listening and negotiation, and seeks sustainable nonviolent solutions.
  • Circle process: structured dialogue that offers participants space to listen, speak and build mutual understanding.

02 / Critical facts and enumerations

Key names, dates, laws, and complete conceptual lists.

4 minutes

Key laws, frameworks and people

  • 1941 EO 335 — National Emergency Commission; Manuel L. Quezon.
  • 1978 PD 1566 — older NDCC; 2010 RA 10121 — modern NDRRMC.
  • 1976 PD 1067 Water Code; 1978 PD 1586 Environmental Impact Statement system.
  • 1990 RA 6969 hazardous substances; 1998 RA 8550 fisheries; 1999 RA 8749 clean air.
  • 2001 RA 9003 ecological solid waste; RA 9147 wildlife; RA 9163 NSTP.
  • 2004 RA 9275 clean water; 2009 RA 9729 climate change.
  • 1993 Oposa v. Factoran — environmental rights of future generations.
  • 1992 UNFCCC → 1997 Kyoto → 2015 Paris Agreement (well below 2°C, pursue 1.5°C).
  • Hyogo 2005–2015 resilience; Sendai 2015–2030 risk governance and Build Back Better.
  • AADMER signed 2005, in force 2009; AHA Centre coordinates ASEAN humanitarian assistance.

Enumerations, policies and dates

  • Environmental education R-U-A-C-I: Recognition, Understanding, Attitudes, Competencies, Involvement.
  • Clean Air policy R-C-D-A-P: Right of the People; Concern of All; Development & Responsibility; Area-Based Responsibility; Polluters Must Pay.
  • Solid waste policy P-E-A-R-S: Protection, Educate, Alternative, Retain, Strengthen.
  • Human security E-F-H-E-P-C-P: Economic, Food, Health, Environmental, Personal, Community, Political.
  • 2009 Ondoy · 2013 Yolanda · 2021 Odette: flood preparedness, volunteer relief, trained response.
  • 2017–2022: National Security Policy for Change and Well-Being of the Filipino People; EO 37 (2023): NSP 2023–2028.
  • Peace education: Jenkins (2019); EO 570 and DepEd Memorandum 469, s. 2008.
  • Six peace objectives: understand peace; analyze conflicts; promote social action; nurture values; advance practical skills; adapt global/ecological awareness.
  • KBS: knowledge creation → storage/access → application; consistency, sustainability, cultural sensitivity (IKSP).

EXAM FOCUS · Laws and framework anchors

  • RA 9163: National Service Training Program Act (ROTC, CWTS, LTS).
  • RA 10121: Philippine disaster risk reduction and management law; modern council is NDRRMC.
  • RA 9003: ecological solid waste management; RA 8749: Clean Air Act; RA 9275: Clean Water Act.
  • Hyogo (2005–2015): earlier disaster risk reduction framework; Sendai (2015–2030): succeeding global risk reduction agenda.
  • Environment: identify climate-change causes, waste categories, and responsible civic action rather than mixing every environmental policy together.

03 / Distinctions and exam traps

Closely related ideas students often interchange in university exams.

3 minutes

Comparison reference

ConceptsPrecise distinction
Mitigation / PreparednessMitigation lessens impact (retrofitting); preparedness gets people ready (drills and kits).
Prospective / Corrective / CompensatoryPrevent new risk / reduce existing risk / manage remaining risk.
Hyogo / Sendai2005–2015 capacity-building / 2015–2030 risk priorities and Build Back Better.
Environmental justice / StewardshipFair environmental protection for everyone / care and responsibility toward nature.
RA 8749 / RA 9275 / PD 1067Clean air / clean water pollution control / water-resource use.
RA 6969 / RA 9003Hazardous chemicals/wastes / solid-waste segregation and management.
Mitigation / Adaptation (climate)Reduce emissions or causes / adjust to effects such as flooding and drought.
National / Human securityState sovereignty / individual dignity and welfare.
Community / Political securityCultural identities and cohesion / human rights respected by the state.
Negative / Positive peaceNo direct hostilities / presence of social justice, good relations, fair institutions.
Peacekeeping / PeacebuildingContain conflict now / resolve causes for lasting peace.
Circle / Narrative / Need-based / VODTalking piece / change stories / uncover needs / harmed person and accountability.

Critical exception: A ceasefire can bring negative peace even while structural inequality persists. Cyber and environmental threats can simultaneously affect national and human security.

EXAM FOCUS · Know the intervention category

  • Mitigation: lower a hazard’s consequences (e.g., stronger structures); preparedness: improve readiness for emergencies (e.g., drills).
  • Response: immediate action during/after an event; recovery: restoration and improvement over time.
  • Climate change vs. global warming: wider long-term weather/climate shifts versus increased average global temperature.
  • Stewardship vs. environmental justice: duty of care for nature versus fair distribution of protections and burdens.
  • Peacekeeping vs. peacebuilding: restraining immediate violence versus addressing long-term roots of conflict.

04 / Applied concepts and scenarios

Apply the terminology to short real-world and classroom situations.

2 minutes

DRRM · Barangay planning

  • Prohibiting new houses in a landslide zone is prospective DRM;
  • reinforcing existing houses is corrective;
  • an emergency fund addresses residual risk.
  • Community hazard mapping applies CBDRRM.

Environmental education

  • Knowing about river pollution shows recognition;
  • understanding causes shows understanding;
  • organizing a cleanup demonstrates involvement.
  • An action plan sets goals, deadlines, funding, resources, people, and methods.

Climate and ecology

  • Switching to solar power supports mitigation;
  • adjusting farm planting schedules to changing rainfall supports adaptation.
  • Protecting forests maintains ecological integrity and reduces future vulnerability.

Waste, air and water

  • RA 9003 supports labeled segregation bins, composting, and MRFs.
  • Avoiding open burning also protects air quality under RA 8749.
  • River cleanups complement RA 9275 water protection.

Security and civic action

  • West Philippine Sea disputes affect state/territorial security;
  • access to food, healthcare, and safety affects human security.
  • DPWH handles infrastructure, DENR environmental protection, and CHR human rights.

Peacebuilding and knowledge

  • Shifting from accusations to unmet needs is need-based reframing;
  • a victim describing harm to a responsible offender is VOD.
  • A KBS preserves research and applies it to consistent, culturally sensitive mediation.

EXAM FOCUS · Analyze these civic-action cases

  • Relocation away from mapped hazard zones: primarily prospective when it prevents risky development.
  • Retrofitting a vulnerable classroom: corrective DRM; emergency supplies and evacuation drills are preparedness.
  • Segregating biodegradable/recyclable wastes: source-level solid-waste management aligned with responsible consumption.
  • Community members plan a flood route together: CBDRRM requires participation, not a top-down announcement only.
  • No fighting but persistent injustice: absence of direct violence may mean negative peace without positive peace.

05 / Last-minute recall map

One-minute sweep of high-signal pairings and memory cues.

1 minute
  • DRRM: New → Prospective;
  • Existing → Corrective;
  • Residual → Compensatory;
  • Community → CBDRRM.
  • Risk: Hazard + exposure/vulnerability → potential disaster;
  • resilience = resist, absorb, adapt, recover.
  • Global DRR: Hyogo 2005–15;
  • Sendai 2015–30;
  • AADMER agreement;
  • AHA Centre coordination.
  • Environmental sequence: R-U-A-C-I · R-C-D-A-P · P-E-A-R-S · Reduce–Reuse–Recycle.
  • Critical laws: 8749 Air · 9275 Water · 9003 Waste · 9729 Climate · 10121 DRRM · 9163 NSTP.
  • Rights: Oposa v.
  • Factoran (1993) → future generations;
  • Writ of Kalikasan → legal protection.
  • Human security: E-F-H-E-P-C-P;
  • Freedom from Fear + Freedom from Want.
  • Peace: Negative ≠ Positive;
  • Peacekeeping ≠ Peacebuilding;
  • direct ≠ structural violence.
  • Core SDGs: 3 Health · 4 Education · 6 Water · 9 Infrastructure · 11 Cities · 13 Climate · 14 Water ecosystems · 15 Land · 16 Peace · 17 Partnerships.
  • KBS: Create evidence → store/access → apply;
  • respect IKSP and institutional memory.

EXAM FOCUS · Ten key pairings

  • ROTC / CWTS / LTS: defense training / civic welfare service / literacy training.
  • DRM: prospective—new; corrective—existing; compensatory—residual.
  • Acts: 9163 NSTP; 10121 DRRM; 9003 waste; 8749 air; 9275 water.
  • Peace: negative—no direct violence; positive—justice and inclusive conditions.
  • Exam habit: identify whether a case is prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, or recovery.
Coverage note: This independent quick reviewer highlights key definitions, comparisons, and applications for self-study. Exam-focus prompts are study priorities, not an official answer key or a prediction of any institution’s examination. The 200-item practice exam is available below this reviewer.
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Read important distinctions and figures

Some course handout listings contain conflicting or malformed facts: the Climate Change Act is RA 9729 (one handout incorrectly prints RA 9727); Ecological Solid Waste Management is RA 9003 (another handout prints RA 90003 and places it under 2000 rather than its 2001 approval). A disaster-history handout links RA 1190 to the NCDA without reliable corroboration; that disputed pairing is not tested. Some historical quotations, numerical pollution claims, and plastic statistics have missing context or unclear units, so those uncertain claims are not used as exam keys. Certain water-access percentages are included explicitly as course figures rather than independently verified current statistics.

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